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Science Behind Our Protocols

Micronutrient Basics

Overview

Micronutrients are essential nutrients that are required by the body in small amounts to function properly. They include vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, which play various essential roles in the body. As the name implies, this protocol aims to cover the basics and ensure you have no micronutrient deficiencies.

Compounds

Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, D3, E, K2, folate, biotin, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iodine, copper, selenium

Impact on aging

Micronutrients are essential for numerous biological functions. Thus, avoiding any deficiency is thought to have a positive impact on all the hallmarks of aging.

Science

You might have come across articles that imply possible harm from taking multivitamins and mineral supplements. These articles are not based on scientific conclusions. To our knowledge, no randomized controlled trial has ever shown harm caused by micronutrient supplements.

A large randomized controlled trial showed a daily multivitamin reduces the risk of cancer by 11%. [1]

Randomized controlled trials for individual vitamins also exist. Vitamin D, for example, helps prevent acute respiratory tract infections. [2]

Optimal Omega

Overview

Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat that is essential for human health. They are called “essential” because the body cannot produce them on its own and must get them from food or supplements. There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases. They are thought to have various health benefits, including improving heart health, reducing inflammation, and improving brain function, and thus are crucial for longevity.

The Omega-3 Index measures the amount of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cells. Most adults in western nations have a low Omega 3 Index, and their intake of Omega-3 is insufficient. We make sure your blood Omega-3 Index is in the optimal range.

Compounds

A high quality, algea-based Omega 3 with a good ratio of DHA and EPA.

Impact on aging

Mitochondrial Dysfunction Cellular Senescence Altered Intercellular Communication

Science

A very large randomized controlled trial found it reduces the risk of a heart attack by 28%. [3]

A review of 17 large cohort studies showed an Omega 3 index above 8% is associated with a 17% lower all-cause mortality. [4]

Omega 3 improves brain development & structure and enhances neurocognitive functions. [5]

A randomized controlled trial that combined Omega 3, Vitamin D, and a simple exercise routine reduced cancer risk by 61%. The beautiful randomization of this trial shows how each of the three interventions contributes approximately the same to the risk reduction. [6]

NAD+ Booster

Overview

This protocol boosts NAD+ levels. NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a vital molecule that plays a paramount role in energy production, as well as in regulating cell repair mechanisms. NAD+ steeply decreases with age leading to decreased energy production and reduced ability to repair cellular damage. By middle age, our NAD+ levels have plummeted to half that of our youth. This can result in the gradual deterioration we experience as we age. NAD+ levels can be boosted by supplementing the body with precursors such as NR (nicotinamide riboside) or NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide). As NAD+ production also needs methyl groups, these precursors should further be supplemented with a methyl-donner such as TMG (trimethyl glycine).

Compounds

NR & TMG

Impact on aging

Genomic Instability Epigenetic Alterations Loss of Proteostasis Deregulated Nutrient Sensing Mitochondrial Dysfunction Altered Intercellular Communication

Science

NAD+ is vital for your cell metabolism and DNA repair. Your NAD+ levels decline with age. NR can restore your NAD+ levels. [7] [8] [9]

TMG provides the methyl groups required when NR boosts NAD+ levels. [10] [11]

NR is associated with better recovery from exercise, stress, and illness. [9] [12]

Glutathione Booster

Overview

This protocol supports Glutathione production to maintain youthful levels. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant our body produces, and it decreases with age. To maintain glutathione production, the body needs enough precursors such as glycine and cysteine.

Compounds

Glycine (& Cysteine coming soon)

Impact on aging

Epigenetic Alterations Deregulated Nutrient Sensing Mitochondrial Dysfunction Stem Cell Exhaustion Altered Intercellular Communication

Science

Glutathione is an antioxidant produced by the body. Your Glutathione levels go down with age. Taking precursors such as Glycine and Cysteine may restore your Glutathione to youthful levels. [13] [14]

Combined Metabolic Activators (CMA) such as Glycine can accelerate recovery in illnesses such as mild-to-moderate COVID-19. [11]

Glycine is one of very few compounds that increased lifespan in the Interventions Testing Program (the most rigorous longevity compounds testing program done with mice). [15]

NRF2 Activator

Overview

This protocol activates NRF2. NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a powerful transcription factor (a protein that turns genes on and off) that increases the expression of genes that encode for proteins which protect cells from oxidative stress and which are involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, and cell death. Certain compounds, such as sulforaphane and curcumin, can activate NRF2.

Compounds

Glucoraphanin (a sulforaphane precursor) & active myrosinase (enzyme to convert glucoraphanin into sulforaphane).

Impact on aging

Genomic Instability Epigenetic Alterations Loss of Proteostasis Mitochondrial Dysfunction Altered Intercellular Communication

Science

The NRF2 mechanism regulates many protective genes and pathways. NRF2-dependent antioxidant response diminishes with age. Sulforaphane is the most potent dietary NRF2 activator (found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli). [16]

It is believed to be the principal reason for the cancer-protective effect of cruciferous vegetables. [17]

Sulforaphane intake reduces chronic inflammation, a main cause of aging (inflammaging). [18]

References
  1. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial
    J Michael Gaziano, Howard D Sesso, William G Christen, Vadim Bubes, Joanne P Smith, Jean MacFadyen, Miriam Schvartz, JoAnn E Manson, Robert J Glynn, Julie E Buring
    JAMA. 2014 Aug 6;312(5):560
  2. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data
    Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, Dubnov-Raz G, Esposito S, Ganmaa D, Ginde AA, Goodall EC, Grant CC, Griffiths CJ, Janssens W, Laaksi I, Manaseki-Holland S, Mauger D, Murdoch DR, Neale R, Rees JR, Simpson S Jr, Stelmach I, Kumar GT, Urashima M, Camargo CA Jr.
    BMJ. 2017; 356: i6583
  3. Vitamin D, Marine n-3 Fatty Acids, and Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Current Evidence
    JoAnn E Manson, Shari S Bassuk, Nancy R Cook, I-Min Lee, Samia Mora, Christine M Albert, Julie E Buring
    Circ Res. 2020 Jan 3;126(1):112-128
  4. Blood n-3 fatty acid levels and total and cause-specific mortality from 17 prospective studies
    William S. Harris, Nathan L. Tintle, Fumiaki Imamura, Frank Qian, Andres V. Ardisson Korat, Matti Marklund, Luc Djoussé, Julie K. Bassett, Pierre-Hugues Carmichael, Yun-Yu Chen, Yoichiro Hirakawa, Leanne K. Küpers, Federica Laguzzi, Maria Lankinen, Rachel A. Murphy, Cécilia Samieri, Mackenzie K. Senn, Peilin Shi, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Ingeborg A. Brouwer, Kuo-Liong Chien, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Nita G. Forouhi, Johanna M. Geleijnse
    Nature Communications volume 12, Article number: 2329 (2021)
  5. Brain Health across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review on the Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements
    Emma Derbyshire
    Nutrients. 2018 Aug; 10(8): 1094
  6. Combined Vitamin D, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and a Simple Home Exercise Program May Reduce Cancer Risk Among Active Adults Aged 70 and Older: A Randomized Clinical Trial
    Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, Walter C. Willett, JoAnn E. Manson, Bess Dawson-Hughes, Markus G. Manz, Robert Theiler, Kilian Braendle, Bruno Vellas, René Rizzoli, Reto W. Kressig, Hannes B. Staehelin, José A. P. Da Silva, Gabriele Armbrecht, Andreas Egli, John A. Kanis, Endel J. Orav, and Stephanie Gaengler
    Front. Aging 3, 25 April 2022
  7. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults
    Christopher R Martens, Blair A Denman, Melissa R Mazzo, Michael L Armstrong, Nichole Reisdorph, Matthew B McQueen, Michel Chonchol, Douglas R Seals
    Nat Commun. 2018 Mar 29;9(1):1286
  8. The NADPARK study: A randomized phase I trial of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in Parkinson’s disease
    Brage Brakedal, Christian Dölle, Frank Riemer, Yilong Ma, Gonzalo S. Nido, Geir Olve Skeie, Alexander R. Craven, Thomas Schwarzlmüller, Njål Brekke, Joseph Diab, Lars Sverkeli, Vivian Skjeie, Kristin Varhaug, Ole-Bjørn Tysnes, Shichun Peng, Kristoffer Haugarvoll, Mathias Ziegler, Renate Grüner, David Eidelberg, Charalampos Tzoulis
    Cell Metabolism 34, 396–407, March 1, 2022
  9. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults
    Dietrich Conze, Charles Brenner, and Claire L. Kruger
    Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 9772
  10. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation alters body composition and skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine concentrations in healthy obese humans
    Carlijn M E Remie, Kay H M Roumans, Michiel P B Moonen, Niels J Connell, Bas Havekes, Julian Mevenkamp, Lucas Lindeboom, Vera H W de Wit, Tineke van de Weijer, Suzanne A B M Aarts, Esther Lutgens, Bauke V Schomakers, Hyung L Elfrink, Rubén Zapata-Pérez, Riekelt H Houtkooper, Johan Auwerx, Joris Hoeks, Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling, Esther Phielix, Patrick Schrauwen
    Am J Clin Nutr 2020;112:413–426
  11. Combined Metabolic Activators Accelerates Recovery in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19
    Ozlem Altay,Muhammad Arif,Xiangyu Li,Hong Yang,Mehtap Aydın,Gizem Alkurt,Woonghee Kim,Dogukan Akyol,Cheng Zhang,Gizem Dinler-Doganay,Hasan Turkez,Saeed Shoaie,Jens Nielsen,Jan Borén,Oktay Olmuscelik,Levent Doganay,Mathias Uhlén,Adil Mardinoglu
    Adv. Sci.2021,8, 2101222
  12. Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in healthy adult participants: a meta-analysis
    Marc P. McRae
    J Chiropr Med. 2013 Mar; 12(1): 20–25
  13. Redox analysis of human plasma allows separation of pro-oxidant events of aging from decline in antioxidant defenses
    Dean P Jones, Vino C Mody Jr, Joanne L Carlson, Michael J Lynn, Paul Sternberg Jr
  14. Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, genotoxicity, muscle strength, and cognition: Results of a pilot clinical trial
    Premranjan Kumar, Chun Liu, Jean W Hsu, Shaji Chacko, Charles Minard, Farook Jahoor, Rajagopal V Sekhar
    Clin Transl Med. 2021 Mar;11(3):e372
  15. Glycine supplementation extends lifespan of male and female mice
    Richard A Miller, David E Harrison, C Michael Astle, Molly A Bogue, Joel Brind, Elizabeth Fernandez, Kevin Flurkey, Martin Javors, Warren Ladiges, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Francesca Macchiarini, James Nelson, Alexey G Ryazanov, Jessica Snyder, Timothy M Stearns, Douglas E Vaughan, Randy Strong
    Aging Cell. 2019 Jun;18(3):e12953
  16. Sulforaphane: Its “Coming of Age” as a Clinically Relevant Nutraceutical in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease
    Christine A. Houghton
    Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019; 2019: 2716870
  17. Cruciferous vegetable intake is inversely associated with lung cancer risk among smokers: a case-control study
    Li Tang, Gary R Zirpoli, Vijayvel Jayaprakash, Mary E Reid, Susan E McCann, Chukwumere E Nwogu, Yuesheng Zhang, Christine B Ambrosone, Kirsten B Moysich
    BMC Cancer. 2010 Apr 27;10:162
  18. Effects of broccoli sprout with high sulforaphane concentration on inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
    Parvin Mirmiran, Zahra Bahadoran, Farhad Hosseinpanah, Amitis Keyzad, Fereidoun Azizi
    Journal of Functional Foods, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2012, Pages 837-841